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NEW QUESTION # 110
Consider the following pseudocode segment:
set a = 1
while a < 12
display "this is loop", a
if a > 10 then
display "loop is > 10'
set a = 5
else
display "loop is < 11*
endif
end while
display "Final value of a is", a
Which of the following issues should be detected in the code review?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The pseudocode provided includes a while loop that adjusts the loop variable a within the loop's conditional code block. This adjustment, set a = 5, occurs when a > 10. Because the loop checks a < 12 as its continuation condition, and a is reset to 5 repeatedly once it exceeds 10, the loop will execute indefinitely, preventing termination. This creates an infinite loop situation since the condition a < 12 will perpetually remain true once a exceeds 10. This is a critical logic error needing correction for proper execution flow.
NEW QUESTION # 111
Given the following pseudocode:
Program tax check
Integer: tax_rate
real: tax%
BEGIN
tax% := 0
GET (tax_rate)
WHILE tax_rate > 0 loop
IF tax_rate > 3 THEN
tax_rate := 3
ENDIF
tax% := tax% + (tax_rate / 10)
tax_rate := tax_rate - 1
ENDLOOP
IF tax% > 0.6 THEN
print ("tax rate is high")
ELSEIF tax% < 0.1 THEN
print ("tax rate is zero")
ELSE
print ("tax rate is low")
ENDIF
END tax check
If control flow analysis is performed on the pseudocode, which of the following results is MOST likely?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Program tax check
Integer: tax_rate
real: tax%
BEGIN
tax% := 0
GET (tax_rate)
WHILE tax_rate > 0 loop
IF tax_rate > 3 THEN
tax_rate := 3
ENDIF
tax% := tax% + (tax_rate / 10)
tax_rate := tax_rate - 1
ENDLOOP
IF tax% > 0.6 THEN
print ("tax rate is high")
ELSEIF tax% < 0.1 THEN
print ("tax rate is zero")
ELSE
print ("tax rate is low")
ENDIF
END tax check
Explanation of Control Flow:
* Initialization:
* tax% := 0
* Get Tax Rate:
* GET (tax_rate)
* While Loop:
* Loop runs while tax_rate > 0.
* Inside the loop:
* If tax_rate > 3, set tax_rate to 3.
* Update tax% by adding tax_rate / 10.
* Decrement tax_rate by 1.
* Post-Loop Condition Checks:
* After the loop, check the value of tax%:
* If tax% > 0.6, print "tax rate is high".
* Else if tax% < 0.1, print "tax rate is zero".
* Otherwise, print "tax rate is low".
Unreachable Code Analysis:
* The ELSEIF tax% < 0.1 THEN condition (line 17) is unreachable.
* In the loop, tax% is incremented by a minimum of 0.1 each time tax_rate is greater than 0.
* Therefore, tax% cannot be less than 0.1 after the loop.
Conclusion:
* Line 17 (ELSEIF tax% < 0.1 THEN) will never be true given the logic of the loop.
NEW QUESTION # 112
A new reusable software component that handles sensor management has been developed. It will be used in manufacturing processes that work at SIL 2 and avionics systems where failure could lead to a "major" incident. The code contains no loops but does contain decisions with multiple conditions. Which of the following would be the BEST structure-based testing option for the new software?
Answer: D
Explanation:
* Context of the Problem:
* The software component handles sensor management.
* It is used in manufacturing processes that work at SIL 2 and avionics systems.
* Failure could lead to a "major" incident.
* The code contains decisions with multiple conditions and no loops.
* Safety Integrity Level (SIL) 2:
* SIL 2 indicates that the software must adhere to stringent safety standards.
* Avionics systems also require high safety standards due to the potential consequences of failure.
* Testing Options:
* MC/DC (Modified Condition/Decision Coverage):
* MC/DC is essential for high-integrity and safety-critical systems like avionics.
* Ensures each condition in a decision has been shown to independently affect the outcome.
* Required by standards such as DO-178C for avionics software at certain levels.
* API Coverage:
* Focuses on testing the interfaces between components.
* Important but not sufficient alone for high-integrity, safety-critical systems.
* Decision Coverage:
* Ensures that each decision point (i.e., if statements) is evaluated as both true and false.
* Less comprehensive than MC/DC for safety-critical applications.
* Statement Coverage:
* Ensures that each statement in the code has been executed at least once.
* Basic level of coverage, insufficient for safety-critical systems like those at SIL 2.
* Best Option:
* Given the high safety requirements (SIL 2, major incident potential), MC/DC coverage is the best option. It provides a thorough level of testing needed to meet safety standards.
NEW QUESTION # 113
A unit test should be deterministic. Which option correctly describes the meaning of 'deterministic' as a characteristic of a unit test9 SELECT ONE OPTION
Answer: D
Explanation:
A unit test being 'deterministic' means that whenever it is run under the same conditions, it should produce the same results. This characteristic is crucial for reliable, repeatable testing outcomes that are not influenced by external factors or previous test states .
NEW QUESTION # 114
Below is pseudo-code which calculates a customer's cruise credits based on past cruise history:
PROGRAM CALC CRUISE CREDITS (CUST_ID) COUNT_CRUISES, CRUISE_CREDITS,
LOYALTY_RATING: INTEGER CRUISE_LENGTH, CRUISE_ACCOM_TYPE: VAR
* LOYALTY_RATING = 0
* COUNT_CRUISES = 0
* CRUISE_LENGTH = 0
* CRUISE_ACCOM_TYPE = 0
* BEGIN
* READ CUSTOMER'S CRUISE HISTORY TO OBTAIN COUNT OF CRUISES
* READ CRUISE_HISTORY (CUST_ID)
* WHILE COUNT_CRUISES != -1 DO
* READ CUSTOMER'S NEXT CRUISE
* READ NEXT_CRUISE
* IF CRUISE_ACCOM_TYPE = 3 THEN
* CRUISE_CREDITS = CRUISE_CREDITS + 5
* ELSE
* IF CRUISE_ACCOM_TYPE = 2 THEN
* CRUISE_CREDITS = CRUISE_CREDITS + 3
* ELSE
* CRUISE_CREDITS = CRUISE_CREDITS + 2
* ENDIF
* ENDIF
* COUNT_CRUISES = COUNT_CRUISES - 1
* ENDWHILE
* LOYALTY_RATING = CRUISE_CREDITS / COUNT_CRUISES
* WRITE ("CRUISE CREDIT TOTAL IS:")
* WRITE (CRUISE_CREDITS)
* END PROGRAM CALC CRUISE CREDITS
The code contains data flow anomalies on lines 14 and 27. Which examples of data flow anomalies can be found on these lines?
Answer: C
Explanation:
In the pseudo-code provided, we need to identify data flow anomalies, which typically occur when variables are used improperly in terms of their definition, usage, or re-definition.
Analyzing the pseudo-code step by step:
* Lines 1-4 initialize variables LOYALTY_RATING, COUNT_CRUISES, CRUISE_LENGTH, and CRUISE_ACCOM_TYPE to 0.
* Lines 6-7 read the customer's cruise history.
* Line 8 begins a WHILE loop that continues until COUNT_CRUISES is -1.
* Lines 9-10 read the next cruise.
* Lines 11-19 check the CRUISE_ACCOM_TYPE and update CRUISE_CREDITS accordingly.
* Line 20 decrements COUNT_CRUISES.
* Line 21 ends the WHILE loop.
* Line 22 calculates LOYALTY_RATING by dividing CRUISE_CREDITS by COUNT_CRUISES.
* Lines 23-24 output the CRUISE_CREDITS.
* Line 25 ends the program.
Data Flow Anomalies:
* Line 14: CRUISE_CREDITS is re-defined before being used.
* The initial problem here is that CRUISE_CREDITS should be assigned a value before it is incremented in lines 12, 15, and 17. The code does not show any prior definition (initialization) for CRUISE_CREDITS before these increments.
* Line 27: LOYALTY_RATING is defined but not subsequently used.
* After LOYALTY_RATING is calculated in line 22, it is not used again. This means the calculated value serves no purpose in the program as it stands.
By considering the above points, we can confirm that the correct option is C:
* Line 14: CRUISE_CREDITS is re-defined before being used (it should have been initialized before the WHILE loop or just before its first usage inside the loop).
* Line 27 (Line 22 in provided pseudo-code): LOYALTY_RATING is defined (calculated) but not subsequently used.
This matches the reference provided in the ISTQB sample exam answers, confirming that C is the correct answer.
References:
* ISTQB CTAL-TTA Sample Exam Questions
* ISTQB Exam Structures and Rules
* ISTQB CTAL-TTA Sample Exam Answers
* ISTQB-CTAL-TTA Syllabus
* ISTQB Exam Structure Tables
NEW QUESTION # 115
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